Explain how Hardy shows loss and regret in his poems :: English Literature

Explain how brazen shows departure and regret in his poemsA writer by the name of doubting Thomas Hardy, was born on the second of June1940, Dorchester, in Higher Bockhampton, near the countryside, thisaffected his writing, because his writing always made some sort ofreference to nature. Hardy wrote poems and novels. His novels argonlargely known, his novels were influenced by society, and the mainfactors within society were the class system for the rich and the poorand inequality and discrimination for women.Hardy got married to his first married womanhood Emma in 1874, although thebeginning of their marriage got off to a brilliant start, it was non avery happy marriage for the rest of their time together. Emma inspiredHardys writing. During his marriage with Emma, he became unfaithfulto her and had an affair with a lady called Florence Emily Dougdale,when they met, Florence was at the age of 28.In 1912, Hardy lost his wife, Emma and his sister, two years laterEmma died, 1914. Hardy then married Florence and bought her back toher his house, the house he had lived in with his first wife. All ofthis affected Hardys poetry, which became more cathartic. We see howthe pursuance events affect his poetry in the 3 poem The Going, TheVoice and the poem At Castle Boterel.The poem The Going tells us about a woman who died, and Hardy hadmany unresolved questions yet to ask her. The poem opens with theintroduction to the idea that woman in this poem gave Hardy no cluethat she was going awayWhy did you give no hint that night, You would close your term here, up and be gone (Stanza 1, line 1 &4)I can infer from my oscilloscope knowledge, that the woman to whom thispoem and the other two poems Ill be discussing, is aimed at his firstwife, who had passed away in the same year this poem was written,1912.Where I could not followWith wings of swallow (Stanza 1, line 6 & 7)When Hardy uses this type of imagery, it makes the audience think thatshe, Emma, left in a dignified w ay, because swallows are lovelybirds, and that he cannot follow her because she has gone to a betterplace, maybe heaven. But he cannot follow because of the sinful thinghe did on Earth (he had an affair). This shows his feelings of lossand regret because it makes the reader think that that he is missingher terribly, because she has flown off and left him, and he cannot

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal. This statement is true(a) when pertaining to George Orwells sentient being Farm. The first half of this quote embodies some of the fundamental ideals of the animalist visionary Old Major. The second half signifies the ideas after being doctored to meet the strappers wants and needs.The pigs of Animal Farm used their relatively high intelligence to their advantage. In chapter 6, the pigs clearly altered the seven commandments to say No animal shall balance in a bed with sheets, (p.79). This allowed them to take up residence in Mr. Joness house, a privilege only granted to them. The pigs efficacy to read and write, and other animals lack of such knowledge widens the gap of equality between the species of Animal Farm. The pigs do many things that may seem unfair or unjust to the other animals. The pigs selfishly mixed milk and apples with their mash and on a separate occasion saw it fit for themselves to sleep in beds. Pigs interchangeable Napoleon used Squealer to justify their actions. His sophisticated diction confuses the animals, but at the same time convinces them that what the pigs do is in their favor. He proposed that theses things were absolutely required to the well being of a pig. The animals lack the ability to disagree or form arguments against the pigs, so they are free to selfishly increase their equality, unopposed.Napoleon, the chief pig, eventually used force to carry out his orders in Animal Farm. His attack dogs drove Snowball away, and inspired the fear necessary to gain total constraint of the Farm, as these beasts left the animals too amazed and frightened to speak. His foresight to train these dogs, and his use of force, slowly move Animal Farm away from its original utopian equality and more towards Napoleons totalitarian ideas.The cunning of pigs like Napoleon allowed them to begin what seems to be an underhanded attempt to take over Animal Farm.

Hoover Dam Essay -- Civil Engineering Construction Essays

Hoover dam upThe Hoover Dam is one of the Statess strikingest civil engineering marvels (Hernan 22) and has become a magnet to those fascinated by military man ingenuity at its best (Haussler 30). With its enormous size and construction during the Great Depression, it was an interesting topic to me. I would like to major in civil engineering and, at first, I was researching this topic. I was looking for fee and job descriptions. Then, I discovered the name John L. beastly, the engineer who supervised the design of the Hoover Dam and many other dams in the United States. Savage useed on the Minidoka irrigation project in Idaho after joining the United States Reclamation Service in 1903. His future of building dams first began When I first went divulge to the Snake River Valley, he said, I saw entirely a river and a lot of wasteland. After the dam was up the land changed. It got water. Farmers moved in to work the soil. Crops grew. Then came villages and towns. Thats why I thi nk this is the happiest, most thrilling work in the world (qtd. in McCann). The characteristics he describes are evident to me, as good as other people in this field. All of the great buildings and projects of the World were overseen by civil engineers. These water resources projects, such as the Hoover Dam, not only disturbed the flow of rivers but created towns, industries, and even developed a desert region. Unfortunately, the dams can also cause adverse effects.The carbon monoxide River may have been in any case thick to drink and too wet to plow (Boris 4) but, it was not too strong to dam. The boulder Canyon Project was first conceived in 1928 (Wassner 98) and was approved for deluge control, storage of the Colorado River water, and the production of hydroelectric power (Hoover Dam - FAQs). John R. Hall explains that the Hoover dam was built to harness the awesome power of the Colorado River (22). The Department of Reclamation had a huge task on their hands when supervisin g the construction of the Hoover Dam (Hall 22), previously known as Boulder Dam and changed to Hoover Dam for President Herbert Hoovers strong support of a Dam on the Colorado River (Wassner 97). First, before even breaking ground, there had to be away to easily access the dam site and house the six-thousand workers who will build the great dam. Boulder City was created to house the Government and contractor ... ...Dam One Of).With Hoovers seventeen generators and extremely large water supply, cities were able to grow very rapidly. The hydroelectric turbines produce four billion kW hours of electricity per year. According to the American Society of Engineers, the dam has had a huge part in the development of the southwestern United States (American Society). It has stopped flooding, provided water for human consumption and agriculture, and supplied electricity to three states, according to Wassner Arizona, Nevada, and California (99). Amazingly, power hungry Las Vegas only receives one percent of the power from Hoover Dam. For having such a great impact on the lives of Americans the American Society of Civil Engineers honored the Hoover dam as the Civil Engineering Monument of the Millennium. Written on family line 27, 2001 the article states The new millennium reminds us of the tremendous impact civil engineering has had on the development of our society . . . It is fitting that the Hoover Dam would be chosen by ASCE for this special honor. The dam ushered in a new era of confidence in the design and building of great water resource projects (American Society).

Race and Health Essay example -- Ethnicity Income Health Essays

Race and HealthWhen Hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans a couple months ago the citizens of this country were bombarded with questions on race playing a responsibility of the survivors that were stranded for days to soon be plucked from their rooftops. These people who were living paycheck to paycheck did not have the same resources of the wealthy. They most belike had no insurance, no stable extended family that could lend them a house to stay or even a job to return to after the storm. The mass of New Orleans is African American and also in poverty and although it has been an uncomfortable subject to discuss it seems that if these people would have had the help to flee the city or been able to afford transportation to escape their health conditions might not have been so dire. Behind it all there lays health, race and income. The soulfulness who earns the most, wins right? Socioeconomic status determines our place in life and if the rules are not broken, the path is fairly pre dictable. The factor of money seems to not only progress a better education, but also better-quality health care, neighborhoods and sanitation. To better determine how health, race and income are correlated I analyzed these three concepts. The independent covariant used was combined race/ethnicity records. The dependent was their overall health conditions. Finally, I used income as a control variable to judge how much of a factor income plays on physical conditions. II.Measurement...

Whose Life Is It Anyway? by Brian Clark Essay example -- Euthanasia Me

Whose Life Is It Anyway? by Brian Clark Whose disembo ceased spirit is it whatsoeverway? is about Ken Harrison, a paralysed patient in hospital, and his conflict to end his own vivification. The problem here is that he is incapable of committing suicide and has to turn to euthanasia. The hospital is against this. They cannot deliberately let a conscious person die. In this essay I will tackle the question above, how Brain Clark persuades us that Kens decision is right. The title of the play, Whose life is it anyway? announces the issue. It is evidently Kens life, but the amount of choice and free will he now has in it is minimal. Ken believes he is already dead, metaphorically speaking. Because, creation in a state where he cannot carry out the things he would in an every-day life, is the same as being dead to him. I looked up the book of account life in the dictionary and I found that it means Human existence, relationships, or activity in general real life everyday life This is exactly what Ken does not have. So I can clearly see his point of wanting to die. Ken voices this point in the play I do not wish to live at any price. Of course I would like to live but as far as I am concerned I am dead already. I merely require the doctors to recognise the fact. I cannot accept this condition constitutes life in any real sense at all. The absence of freedom and choice makes you wonder just how much of a life he is now in self-command of. Despite it is his life - he isnt running it. Hence the title. This starts the play with a question and all further events are in answer to it. This shows it is meant to be, partly, a battle of wills between two sides over his... ...he play is about one man fighting for his right to end a shadow of a life, against an authority who cannot give fancy to him dying. Doctors say they should always preserve life. Before I read this play I agreed with this statement. Now, my opinion has changed. I believe it is not a upshot of life and death, but an issue of happiness and unhappiness, or more importantly, choice. To sum everything up, the ways in which Brain Clark persuade the readers that Kens decision to die is right is by using Kens personality, his intelligence and the important quotes he voices, the conflicting view of the doctors and they way Brain portrays them as the bad guys, and approximately importantly, the matter of something that goes beyond life and death. The matter of Kens happiness. Anyway, who is to say life is better than death?

Whose Life Is It Anyway? by Brian Clark Essay example -- Euthanasia Me

Whose Life Is It Anyway? by Brian Clark Whose life is it anyway? is about consciousness Harrison, a paralysed patient in hospital, and his battle to stopping point his own life. The problem here is that he is incapable of committing suicide and has to turn to euthanasia. The hospital is against this. They cannot deliberately let a conscious person die. In this quiz I will tackle the question above, how Brain Clark persuades us that Kens decision is right. The title of the institute, Whose life is it anyway? announces the issue. It is evidently Kens life, but the follow of choice and free will he now has in it is minimal. Ken believes he is already dead, metaphorically speaking. Because, being in a state where he cannot carry out the things he would in an every-day life, is the same as being dead to him. I looked up the word life in the dictionary and I found that it means Human existence, relationships, or activity in general real life everyday life This is exactly what Ken does not have. So I can clearly see his point of wanting to die. Ken voices this point in the play I do not wish to spanking at any price. Of course I would like to live but as far as I am concerned I am dead already. I merely require the doctors to recognise the fact. I cannot accept this condition constitutes life in any real sense at all. The absence seizure of freedom and choice makes you wonder just how much of a life he is now in possession of. Despite it is his life - he isnt runway it. Hence the title. This starts the play with a question and all further events are in answer to it. This shows it is meant to be, partly, a battle of wills between two sides over his... ...he play is about one man fighting for his right to end a shadow of a life, against an authority who cannot give consent to him dying. Doctors say they should always preserve life. sooner I read this play I agreed with this statement. Now, my opinion has changed. I believe it is not a depicted object of life and death, but an issue of bliss and unhappiness, or more importantly, choice. To sum everything up, the ways in which Brain Clark persuade the readers that Kens decision to die is right is by using Kens personality, his intelligence and the important quotes he voices, the conflicting view of the doctors and they way Brain portrays them as the bad guys, and most importantly, the matter of something that goes beyond life and death. The matter of Kens happiness. Anyway, who is to say life is better than death?

Ford Focus vs. Mazda Mazda 3

hybridization Focus vs. Mazda Mazda 3 Two great new cars out thither ar the Ford Focus and the Mazda 3. If youre looking for a fast car with the latest technology then youll have a tough finis between these two cars. In an opinion, the Ford Focus is the best for a family and the Mazda for enjoyment. They both set with GPS system, inline-4 engine, and chassis platform. They also have some differences as in the gas mileage, performance, and equipment. When it comes down to the end of it all, they are lot closer in ratings than usual cars are.The first and most important is the safety, especially if you have children. Both of the cars are an average of 4-4. 5 in top rating, but the Mazda 3 only has 3 stars in side crash rating, while the Ford Focus as a 4 in frontal crash rating. One big advantage of the Ford Focus is the technology which could also help in safety. The Ford has a navigation system, park assist, bi-xenon adaptive lightning, memory power sears, blond-spot monitoring, a nd a ten-speaker Bose surround sound system.These cars have many similarities, but have more differences. The superior lies between your personality, budget, and your family. If you have a big family, of course youre going to go for the bigger, safer car. Now if youre single of dont have a big family, then you would most likely lean towards the sporty car for looks. The biggest is your budget, we all need some help in the economy now of days, so you might go to the car with better millage and cheaper.

Operation Managenent Essay

After completing this chapter, you should be able to 1. Define the shape trading operations management. 2. Identify the three major functional atomic number 18as of organizations and get word how they interrelate. 3. Identify similarities and differences between production and value operations. 4. mark the operations function and the temper of the operations managers job. 5. Summarize the devil major aspects of process management. 6. rationalise the key aspects of operations management decision making.Briefly describe the historical evolution of operations management. . Characterize current trends in business that impact operations management. Chapter 2 Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity After completing this chapter, you should be able to 1. 2. 3. 4. tip the three primary ways that business organizations compete. rationalise five reasons for the scant(p) competitiveness of some companies. Define the term strategy and explain why strategy is important. Discuss and compare organization strategy and operations strategy, and explain why it is important to link the two. 5. identify and give examples of conviction-based strategies. 6.Define the term productivity and explain why it is important to organizations and to countries. 7. Provide some of the reasons for poor productivity and some ways of improving it. Chapter 3 Forecasting 1. List the elements of a good forecast. 2. Outline the steps in the forecasting process. 3. Evaluate at least three qualitative forecasting techniques and the advantages and disadvantages of each. 4. equation and contrast qualitative and quantitative approaches to forecasting. 5. Describe averaging techniques, trend and seasonal techniques, and regression analysis, and solve typical problems. explicate three measures of forecast accuracy. 7. Compare two ways of evaluating and controlling forecasts. 8. Assess the major factors and trade-offs to consider when choosing a forecasting technique. Chapter 4 Product and Service pattern 1. Explain the strategic vastness of product and service design. 2. Identify some key reasons for design or redesign. 3. Recognize the key questions of product and service design. 4. List some of the main sources of design ideas. 5. Discuss the importance of legal, ethical, and sustainability considerations in product and service design. 6.Explain the purpose and goal of life cycle assessment. 7. Explain the say the 3 Rs. 8. Briefly describe the phases in product design and development. 9. Name several key issues in manufacturing design. 10. Recognize several key issues in service design. 11. Name the phases in service design. 12. List the characteristics of well-designed service systems. 13. Assess some of the challenges of service design. Chapter 5 Strategic Capacity Planning for Products and Services 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Summarize the importance of capacity planning. Discuss ways of defining and measuring capacity.Describe the determinants of rough-and-ready c apacity. Discuss the major considerations related to developing capacity alternatives. Briefly describe approaches that are useful for evaluating capacity alternatives. Chapter 6 Process Selection and Facility Layout 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Explain the strategic importance of process selection. Describe the influence that process selection has on an organization. Compare the basic processing types. Explain the need for management of technology. List some reasons for redesign of layouts. Describe the basic layout types, and the main advantages and disadvantages of each.Chapter 7- Work Design and measure 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Explain the importance of work design. Compare and contrast the two basic approaches to job design. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of specialization. Explain the term knowledge-based pay. Explain the purpose of methods analysis and describe how methods studies are performed. 6. Compare four commonly used techniques for motion study. 7. Discuss the impact of working conditions on job design. 8. Define a standard time. 9. Describe and compare time study methods and perform calculations. 10. Describe work sampling and perform calculations.Compare stopwatch time study and work sampling. 12. Contrast time and output pay systems. Chapter 8 Location Planning and Analysis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Identify some of the main reasons organizations need to make arrangement decisions. Explain why location decisions are important. Discuss the options that are available for location decisions. Give examples of the major factors that affect location decisions. Outline the decision process for making these kinds of decisions. Chapter 9 charge of Quality 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Define the term quality as it relates to products and as it relates to services.Explain why quality is important and the consequences of poor quality. Identify the determinants of quality. Distinguish the costs associated with quality. Compare the quality awards. Discuss the philosophies of quality gurus. Describe TQM. Give an overview of process improvement. Describe and use various quality tools. Chapter 10 Quality Control 1. List and presently explain the elements of the control process. 2. Explain how control charts are used to monitor a process, and the concepts that underlie their use. Chapter 11 Aggregate Planning and Master Scheduling 1.Explain what aggregate planning is and how it is useful. 2. Identify the variables decision makers run through to work with in aggregate planning and some of the possible strategies they can use. 3. Describe some of the in writing(p) and quantitative techniques planners use. 4. Describe the master scheduling process and explain its importance. Chapter 12 MRP and ERP 1. Describe the conditions under which MRP is most appropriate. 2. Describe the inputs, outputs, and nature of MRP processing. 3. Explain how requirements in a master production schedule are translated into material requirements for lower-level items.Discuss th e benefits and requirements of MRP. 5. Explain how an MRP system is useful in capacity requirements planning. 6. Outline the potential benefits and some of the difficulties users have encountered with MRP. 7. Describe MRP II and its benefits. 8. Describe ERP, what it provides, and its hidden costs. Chapter 13 Inventory Management 1. Define the term inventory, list the major reasons for holding inventories, and list the main requirements for effective inventory management. 2. Discuss the nature and importance of service inventories. 3.Explain periodic and perpetual review systems. 4. Explain the objectives of inventory management. 5. Describe the A-B-C approach and explain how it is useful. 6. Describe the basic EOQ model and its assumptions. 7. Describe reorder point models. 8. Describe situations in which the singleperiod model would be appropriate. Chapter 14 JIT and Lean Operations 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Explain what is meant by the term break away operations system. List each of the goals of a lean system and explain its importance. List and briefly describe the building blocks of lean. Identify the benefits of a lean system.Outline the considerations important in converting a traditional mode of operations to a lean system. 6. Point out some of the obstacles that might be encountered when converting to a lean system. 7. Describe value stream mapping. Chapter 15 Supply Chain Management 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Discuss the key issues of give chain management. Name the recent trends in supply chain management. Summarize the motivations and risks of outsourcing as a strategy. State some of the complexities that are involved with global supply chains. List some of the strategic, tactical, and operational responsibilities of supply chain management.Give examples of some advantages of e-business. Explain the importance of supplier partnerships. List the requirements of an effective supply chain. Name some of the challenges in creating an effective supply chain. C hapter 16 Scheduling 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Explain what scheduling involves and the importance of good scheduling. Describe scheduling needs in high-volume and intermediate-volume systems. Describe scheduling needs in job shops. physical exertion and interpret Gantt charts, and use the assignment method for loading. Give examples of commonly used priority rules.Summarize some of the unique problems encountered in service systems, and describe some of the approaches used for scheduling service systems. Chapter 17 Project Management 1. Discuss the behavioral aspects of projects in terms of project personnel and the project manager. 2. Explain the nature and importance of a work breakdown structure in project management. 3. Give a general description of PERT/CPM techniques. 4. Construct simple network diagrams. 5. List the kinds of information that a PERT or CPM analysis can provide. 6. Describe activity crashing and solve typical problems.Management of Waiting Lines After ompleting th is chapter, you should be familiar with postponement line terminology, be able to solve typical problems using the models presented in this chapter, and answer these questions 1. Describe what imbalance does the existence of a hold line reveal? 2. Explain what causes waiting lines to form, and why is it impossible to eliminate them completely? 3. Describe what metrics are used to help managers analyze waiting lines? 4. Explain what are some psychological approaches to managing waiting lines, and why might a manager want to use them? 5. Explain what very important lesson does the never-ending service time model provide for managers?

Effects in Mass Media Essay

What was the major development in evolution of mass media in the 20th century The mass media included television receiver, radio, report and telephone. Before television, there was morse code, but later(prenominal) the telephone came in to play, people decided that it was much easier than delay for a telegram. Before the invention of television there was the radio, this was considered the main(prenominal) form of entertainment for a family, the radio contained talk shows and advertisements read over the radio from different stores. Newspapers have been around for ages, they were pretty much the communication for cities, towns and minuscule communities.E very social function changed when television made an appearance in 1935. The first television set was black and white, mostly they were owned by people who were considered rich, later it became affordable for more(prenominal) families to own. The three major programs offered were ABC, CBS and NBC, later on the color television set was developed. Later on the computer was developed, they seemed too large for households, so most computers were use by the government, after that Apple developed a computer smaller for household use, more and more companies have developed better technology with the computer, television and the internet.How did each development influence America How did these influence America, The newspaper gave the news, it had no other purpose, but as it developed it was used for other purposes, today the newspaper is used for comments and criticism, this involves social, political and religion, this also vents grievances. The radio became very popular, it became the opportunity to speak to people in their homes, it changed the consumer marketing and was a link for entertainment information and product consumption, another use of radio was the war, they used for the detection of planes and ships which was called radar.By the 1950s radio was lost to television. Television was the main source of entertainment, when kids came home from school, the first thing they do is turn on the television, people use television for a form of relaxation, especially after a long day at work. today there are thousands if not millions of television stations, due to technological progress, today televisions stations are available in every part of the world, and has been a very influential part of culture.The telephone has made communication with people better and faster, you can contact anyone, anytime of the day. The first rotary phone was developed in 1923, later on the touch tone phone. A few years later the cordless phone came out, this was great, you could move around your home and still talk on the phone. Then later on a new technology was on the rise, the cell phone, now there was no more setting around waiting on a phone call, after that the internet, the phone had more of an impact than any other technology.

Advantages and Disadvatages of Modern Technology

Todays confederacy is heavily influenced and affected by technology. My piece will explain and highlighting many advantages and disadvantages of technology on society. It will discuss some ways it can hinder reputations and how private matters can become public property because of technology. My paper will also reveal how technology can bring people closer together, although many people may beg to differ. Todays society is driven and greatly influenced by technology. This can be a beneficial fact, and it can also be detrimental and yield major problems.Whether one is development a digital camera in order to snap a photo of a precious moment, or whether one is sneaking and delineationtaping an embarrassing video that will last forever, these are components of technology that effect society because it effects people. It is in the eye of the beholder of whether technology has more or less advantages than disadvantages on society. My paper will discuss some advantages and disadvantag es of technology on society. There are many advantages of technology.Technology allows people to email, text, talk on the telephone, mow the lawn, vacuum-clean carpets, blend food, straighten hair, add numbers, and the beneficial list goes on. Without technology, people would not be able to keep in touch with loved ones as substantially they would have to physically walk and talk face-to-face because cars would not even exist to deliver letters. We wouldnt be able to cook many of the foods that we please and that are nutritional. Mothers-to-be wouldnt be able to see digital images of her baby nor hear its little heart beat without the power of technology. Many jobs, such as graphic

Miser to Man of the city in a Christmas Carol Essay

tike is not very well like by the Cratchits. You burn down see this by I wish I had him here. Id give him a piece of my mind to feast upon and I hope hed have a good appetite for it. This shows that he is not liked because he is an odious, stingy, hard, unfeeling man. This make churl feel bad and he learns a valuable lesson. Treat others as you wish to be treated. If he doesnt want to be called bad tempered, m 1y grabbing, old sinner, then we has to be caring and thoughtful. Scrooge every year at his nephew Freds house, is invited to a Christmas party, but always turns it down.Scrooge is not very well liked by the tribe at the party especially Fred. You can secure this by they invent a new game called yes or no. This shows that Scrooge is talked behind this back and that people do not care if they languish his feeling. Scrooge feels unwanted and uncared for. You can key this by One half hour, Spirit, only one. This shows that Scrooge has feeling and he wants to go as short a s possible because he crying and in great disbelief. Scrooges future looks uncertain when he goes into the future and sees him in a coign of the graveyard, unnoticed, uncared for.You can from this point that Scrooge is at the end of his tether. You can place this by For the first time his hand appeared to shake. This shows that Scrooge has become more(prenominal) and more frightened and knows he must change his future to be cared for and missed dearly. He does not breakdown till this point because he can not change the past and that does not bother him. At the end of all the spirits visiting Scrooge is disappointed himself by being a selfish, lonely, old man. The Last straw is when he visits his own grave. He is already depressed with the entire trauma and another dig in his grave has make him tremble in fear.You can tell this by The Spirit stood among the graves, and pointed down to one. He advanced towards it trembling. This shows that Scrooge is scared of him and wants to chan ge rather than upright a person who has just died. Scrooge really wants to change because he doesnt want to be the man in the corner that no one visits. You can tell this by Are these the shadows of the things that will be, or are they the shadows of the things that may be, only. This shows that Scrooge wants to change because of his experiences over the night.He wants to know that if he changes and mingles with people he will not die and nobody will care. He gets more and more distressed because the spirit wont tell him if he can change his shadows of the future. You can tell this by Assure me that I yet may change these shadows you have shown me, by an altered livelihood. He is on his knees, desperately trying to change his future. This tells us from this point onwards Scrooge will be a changed man to avoid incommode death. Scrooge wakes up the next morning a changed man, a generous man. You can tell this by Scrooge regarded everyone with a delighted smile.This shows that Scroo ge has took into great account of what the spirits said and gone out to change his future. He is a changed man to the public. You can tell this by If you please, said Scrooge and not a farthing less. A great many back-payments are included in it, I assure you This shows Scrooge as being as kind, thoughtful, caring man rather than a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching covetous old sinner. Scrooge now respects the poor people more than ever, especially the Cratchits. You can tell this by and therefore I am about to raise your salary.This shows that Scrooge would rather share more of his money to make more people happy than just himself. This is different from the beginning because when the gentleman comes to visit he pushes him away and believes in Laissez Faire. Scrooge has now become a happier and more chipper human being because he has changed his way of living. You can tell this by they all sit around the table eating Christmas dinner. This shows he is not self-co ntained, lonely old sinner, but a sociable character and because he changed his actions, Tiny Tim did live and Scrooge and his family say God bless Us, Everyone

Porter’s 5 Force Analysis

The fabrication vade mecum http//www. inve chuck up the spongeedia. com/features/ diligencehand countersign/ Thanks rattling much for spateloading the printable version of this tutorial. As always, we ensure any feedback or suggestions. http//www. investopedia. com/contact. spx Table of Contents 1) The attention Handbook Introduction 2) The Indus effort Handbook Porters 5 Forces Analysis 3) The Industry Handbook The Airline Industry 4) The Industry Handbook The fossil vegetable rock crude Services Industry 5) The Industry Handbook Precious Metals 6) The Industry Handbook railroad cars 7) The Industry Handbook The Retailing Industry 8) The Industry Handbook The Banking Industry 9) The Industry Handbook Biotechnology 10) The Industry Handbook The Semiconductor Industry 11) The Industry Handbook The Insurance Industry 12) The Industry Handbook The Telecommunications Industry 13) The Industry Handbook The Utilities Industry 14) The Industry Handbook The Internet Industry Int roductionIndustry depth psychology is a type of investment research that begins by guidance on the status of an application or an industrial sector. Why is this grave? distri al angiotensin-converting enzymeively persistence is variant, and employ ace cookie-cutter approach to analysis is sure enough to create occupations. Imagine, for ex immense, comparing the P/E ratio of a tech senior high society to that of a utility. Because you ar, in effect, comparing apples to oranges, the analysis is next to use teensy-weensy. In from each one section well take an in-depth count at the different valuation techniques and buzz words utilise in a particular industry, complete a 5-forces analysis on the state of the market and point you in the direction of industry-specific alternativefulnesss. Page 1 of 65) Copy pull stringsht 2010, Investopedia. com either rights reserved. Investopedia. com the resource for invest and personal finance education. Porters 5 Forces Anal ysis If you ar non familiar with the quintet competitive forces model, here is a brief background on who developed it, and why it is useful. The model originated from Michael E. Porters 1980 book Competitive Strategy Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. Since then, it has get going a frequently used tool for analyzing a c in aller-ups industry structure and its corporate strategy. In his book, Porter identified five competitive forces that shape e genuinely single industry and market.These forces help us to analyze everything from the intensity of ambition to the profitability and attractiveness of an industry. Figure 1 shows the descent mingled with the different competitive forces. Figure 1 Porters five competitive forces This tutorial smoke be found at http//www. investopedia. com/features/industryhandbook/ (Page 2 of 65) procure 2010, Investopedia. com every rights reserved. Investopedia. com the resource for investment funds and personal finance education. 1. nemesis of New Entrants The easier it is for bleak companies to enter the industry, the to a niftyer extent(prenominal)(prenominal) cutthroat competition there exit be. Factors that fanny countersink the threat of wise entrants ar known as break offriers to entry. Some examples include o o o o o oExisting loyalty to major brands Incentives for using a particular buyer (such as frequent shopper programs) High fixed cost S cable carcity of resources High cost of switching companies Government restrictions or legislation 2. Power of Suppliers This is how much pressure suppliers can send off on a stemma. If one supplier has a coarse enough impact to affect a companys margins and volumes, then it holds substantial authority. present ar a few reasons that suppliers dexterity fork over magnate o o o thither ar very few suppliers of a particular product There argon no substitutes Switching to early(a) (competitive) product is very costly The product i s extremely most-valuable to buyers cant do without it The supplyinging industry has a high ge atomic number 18r profitability than the buying industry o o . Power of Buyers This is how much pressure customers can place on a business. If one customer has a large enough impact to affect a companys margins and volumes, then the customer hold substantial power. Here atomic number 18 a few reasons that customers strength submit power o o o o Sm solely effect of buyers Purchases large volumes Switching to another (competitive) product is simple The product is not extremely important to buyers they can do without the product for a period of time This tutorial can be found at http//www. investopedia. com/features/industryhandbook/ (Page 3 of 65) secure 2010, Investopedia. com All rights reserved. Investopedia. om the resource for investing and personal finance education. o Customers ar expense sensitive 4. Availability of Substitutes What is the give cargonlihood that som eone give switch to a competitive product or service? If the cost of switching is low, then this poses a serious threat. Here are a few meanss that can affect the threat of substitutes o o The main issue is the similarity of substitutes. For example, if the hurt of coffee climb ons substanti altogethery, a coffee reamer may switch over to a beverage like tea. If substitutes are similar, it can be viewed in the resembling light as a new entrant. 5. Competitive Rivalry This describes the intensity of competition between existing squiffys in an industry.Highly competitive industries worldwidely earn low returns because the cost of competition is high. A exceedingly competitive market king result from o o o Many players of about the same surface there is no dominant firm Little differentiation between competitors products and services A mature industry with very little harvest-feast companies can lone(prenominal) grow by stealth customers remote from competitors The Airl ine Industry Few inventions present changed how tidy sum live and experience the world as much as the invention of the mailplane. During both founding Wars, political relation subsidies and demands for new airplanes vastly improved techniques for their design and construction.Following the World War II, the early commercial airplane routes were set up in Europe. Over time, air travel has become so commonplace that it would be hard to imagine spiritedness without it. The air passage industry, therefore, certainly has progressed. It has as wholesome altered the way in which people live and conduct This tutorial can be found at http//www. investopedia. com/features/industryhandbook/ (Page 4 of 65) right of first publication 2010, Investopedia. com All rights reserved. Investopedia. com the resource for investing and personal finance education. business by shortening travel time and altering our concept of distance, making it possible for us to visit and conduct business i n places once considered unconnected. For much on the airline industry, read Is That Airline Ready For Lift-Off? ) The airline industry exists in an intensely competitive market. In recent years, there has been an industry-wide shakedown, which will postulate far-reaching effects on the industrys trend towards expanding domestic and international services. In the past, the airline industry was at least partly government owned. This is still true in many countries, save in the U. S. all major airlines have come to be privately held. The airline industry can be separated into cardinal categories by the U. S. Department of Transportation (DOT) ? ? ? ? International 130+ seat planes that have the ability to take passengers just about anywhere in the world.Companies in this social class typically have annual tax income of $1 billion or much. National Usually these airlines seat 100-150 people and have revenues between $100 one thousand million and $1 billion. Regional Compani es with revenues less than $100 million that focus on short-haul flights. Cargo These are airlines generally transport well behaveds. drome capacity, route structures, technology and cost to lease or buy the physical aircraft are significant in the airline industry. Other large issues are ? ? ? Weather Weather is variable and unpredictable. peak heat, cold, fog and snow can shut down airports and cancel flights, which costs an airline money.Fuel Cost According to the Air Transportation Association (ATA), fuel is an airlines mo largest expense. Fuel work outs up a significant portion of an airlines total costs, although efficiency among different carriers can depart widely. Short haul airlines typically get debase fuel efficiency because take-offs and landings consume high amounts of jet fuel. Labor According to the ATA, labor is the an airlines No. 1 cost airlines must pay pilots, flight attendants, luggage handlers, dispatchers, customer service and others. Key Ratios/ impairment Available female genitals Mile = (total of seats available for transporting passengers) X ( of miles flown during period) This tutorial can be found at http//www. investopedia. om/features/industryhandbook/ (Page 5 of 65) Copyright 2010, Investopedia. com All rights reserved. Investopedia. com the resource for investing and personal finance education. Revenue Passenger Mile = flown during the period) ( of revenue-paying passengers) X ( of mile Revenue Per Available Seat Mile = (Revenue) ( of seats available) Air Traffic Liability (ATL) An presage of the amount of money already received for passenger ticket gross gross revenue and cargo theodolite that is yet to be provided. It is important to find out this figure so you can remove it from quoted revenue figures (unless they specifically state that ATL was excluded).Load Factor This indicator, compiled monthly by the Air Transport Association (ATA), measures the percentage of available seating capacity that is fill ed with passengers. Analysts state that once the airline load factor exceeds its breakeven point, then more than and more revenue will trickle down to the bottom line. Keep in mind that during holidays and summer vacations load factor can be importantly higher, therefore, it is important to compare the figures against the same period from the previous year. Analyst Insight Airlines likewise earn revenue from transporting cargo, change frequent flier miles to other companies and up-selling in flight services. But the largest proportion of revenue is derived from regular and business passengers.For this reason, it is important that you take consumer and business confidence into account on top of the regular factors that one should consider like earnings suppuration and debt load. (For more about the consumer confidence survey, consume frugal Indicators Consumer Confidence Index. ) Business travelers are important to airlines because they are more likely to travel several times throughout the year and they tend to purchase the upgraded services that have higher margins for the airline. On the other hand, leisure travelers are less likely to purchase these premium services and are typically very price sensitive. In times of economic uncertainty or laconic decline in consumer confidence, you can expect the number of leisure travelers to decline.It is also important to look at the geographic reachs that an airline targets. Obviously, more market theatrical role is better for a particular market, plainly it is also important to stay diversified. Try to find out the finish to which the majority of an airlines flights are traveling. For example, an airline that sends a high number of flights to the Caribbean office expect a dramatic drop in profits if the outlook for leisure travelers looks poor. A final report playing area to keep a close eye on is costs. The airline industry is extremely sensitive to costs such as fuel, labor and borrowing costs. If y ou get a trend of This tutorial can be found at http//www. investopedia. om/features/industryhandbook/ (Page 6 of 65) Copyright 2010, Investopedia. com All rights reserved. Investopedia. com the resource for investing and personal finance education. uprising fuel costs, you should factor that into your analysis of a company. Fuel prices tend to fluctuate on a monthly basis, so paying close attention to these costs is crucial. Porters 5 Forces Analysis 1. Threat of New Entrants. At first glance, you might think that the airline industry is pretty tough to break into, but dont be fooled. Youll need to look at whether there are substantial costs to access bank loans and credit. If borrowing is cheap, then the likelihood of more airliners entering the industry is higher.The more new airlines that enter the market, the more saturated it becomes for everyone. Brand progress to recognition and frequent fliers point also play a role in the airline industry. An airline with a loaded b rand name and incentives can often lure a customer even if its prices are higher. 2. Power of Suppliers. The airline supply business is mainly dominated by Boeing and Airbus. For this reason, there isnt a lot of cutthroat competition among suppliers. Also, the likelihood of a supplier integrating vertically isnt very likely. In other words, you probably wont see suppliers alternateing to offer flight service on top of building airlines. 3. Power of Buyers.The bargaining power of buyers in the airline industry is quite low. Obviously, there are high costs involved with switching airplanes, but also take a look at the ability to compete on service. Is the seat in one airline more comfortable than another? Probably not unless you are analyzing a luxury liner like the Concord Jet. 4. Availability of Substitutes. What is the likelihood that someone will drive or take a train to his or her destination? For regional airlines, the threat might be a little higher than international carriers . When deter archeological site this you should consider time, money, personal preference and convenience in the air travel industry. 5. Competitive Rivalry.Highly competitive industries generally earn low returns because the cost of competition is high. This can spell disaster when times get tough in the economy. Key Links ? ? ? Federal Aviation Administration Get the latest regulation news, airport delays, etc. AviationNow. com Information and news on the airline/aerospace industry. AirWise. com Airport and aviation news This tutorial can be found at http//www. investopedia. com/features/industryhandbook/ (Page 7 of 65) Copyright 2010, Investopedia. com All rights reserved. Investopedia. com the resource for investing and personal finance education. The oil Services Industry There is no doubt that the oil/ postcode industry is extremely large.According to the Department of Energy (DOE), fossil fuels (including coal, oil and natural petrol) makes up more than 85% of the ene rgy consumed in the U. S. as of 2008. Oil supplies 40% of U. S. energy needs. (Visit the U. S. Department of Energys Energy Sources information page for more insight. ) Before crude can be used, it is sent to a refinery where it is physically, thermally and chemically separated into fractions and then converted into finished products. About 90% of these products are fuels such as gas pedaloline, aviation fuels, distillate and residual oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), coke (not the refreshment) and kerosene. Refineries also produce non-fuel products, including petrochemicals, asphalt, road oil, lubricants, solvents and wax.Petrochemicals (ethylene, propylene, benzene and others) are shipped to chemical plants, where they are used to manufacture chemicals and plastics. (For more insight, read Oil And Gas Industry Primer. ) There are two major sectors in spite of appearance the oil industry, upstream and downstream. For the purposes of this tutorial we will focus on upstream, wh ich is the process of extracting the oil and refining it. Downstream is the commercial side of the business, such as gas stations or the delivery of oil for heat. Oil cut and Services Oil cut and services is broken into two major areas drilling and oilfield services. ? Drilling Drilling companies physically drill and spunk oil out of the ground. The drilling industry has always been classified as highly skilled.The people with the skills and expertise to operate drilling equipment are in high demand, which means that for an oil company to have these people on staff all the time can cost a lot. For this reason, almost drilling companies are simply contractors who are hired by oil and gas producers for a specified period of time. (For link reading, see Unearth Profits In Oil Exploration And Production. ) In the drilling industry, there are several different types of rigs, each with a specialized purpose. Some of these include o Land Rigs Drilling depths ranges from 5,000 to 30 ,000 feet. o Submersible Rigs Used for ocean, lake and swamp drilling.The bottom part of these rigs are submerged to the seas floor and the platform is on top of the water. o Jack-ups this type of rig has three legs and a triangular platform which is jacked-up above the highest anticipated waves. This tutorial can be found at http//www. investopedia. com/features/industryhandbook/ (Page 8 of 65) Copyright 2010, Investopedia. com All rights reserved. Investopedia. com the resource for investing and personal finance education. o Drill Ships These look like tankers/ships, but they travel the oceans in search of oil in extremely fat water. (For more information on the drilling industry, check out on the Rigzone website. ) ? Oilfield Services Oilfield service companies assist the drilling companies n setting up oil and gas wells. In general these companies manufacture, repair and maintain equipment used in oil extraction and transport. More specifically, these services can includ e o unstable Testing This involves mapping the geological structure beneath the surface. o Transport Services Both land and water rigs need to be moved around at some point in time. o Directional Services Believe it or not, all oil wells are not drill straight down, some oil services companies specialize in drilling angled or horizontal holes. The energy industry is not any different than most trade good-based industries as it faces long periods of boom and bust.Drilling and other service firms are highly dependent on the price and demand for petroleum. These firms are some of the first to feel the effects of increased or minifyd disbursement. If oil prices rise, it takes time for petroleum companies to size up land, setup rigs, take out the oil, transport it and refine it before the oil company sees any profit. On the other hand, oil services and drilling companies are the first on the scene when companies decide to kale exploring. Oil Refining The refining business is no t quite as fragment as the drilling and services industry. This sector is dominated by a small handful of large players. In fact, much of the energy industry is ruled by large, integrated oil companies.Integrated refers to the fact that many of these companies look aft(prenominal) all factors of deed, refining and marketing. For the most part, refining is a slow and stable business. The large amounts of smashing investment means that very few companies can afford to enter this business. This handbook will try to focus more on oil equipment and services such as drilling and support services. Key Ratios/ price BTUs Short for British Thermal Units. This is the amount of heat haved to increase the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. This tutorial can be found at http//www. investopedia. com/features/industryhandbook/ (Page 9 of 65) Copyright 2010, Investopedia. com All rights reserved. Investopedia. om the resource for investing and personal finance edu cation. Different fuels have different heating determine by quoting the price per BTU it is easier to compare different types of energy. Dayrates Oil and gas drillers usually charge oil producers on a daily work rate. These rates vary depending on the location, the type of rig and the market conditions. There are plenty of research firms that publish this information. higher(prenominal) dayrates are great for drilling companies, but for refiners and dispersal companies this means dispirit margins unless energy prices are rising at the same rate. Meterage some other type of contract that differs from dayrates is one based on how deep the rig drills.These are called meterage, or footage, contracts. These are less desirable because the depth of the oil deposits are unpredictable its really a gamble on the drillers part. Downstream Refers to oil and gas operations after the take phase and through to the point of sale, whether at the gas pump or the home heating oil truck Upstream The grass roots of the oil business, upstream refers to the exploration and doing of oil and gas. Many analysts look at upstream expenditures from previous quarters to estimate future industry trends. For example, a decline in upstream expenditures usually trickles down to other areas such as transportation and marketing.OPEC The Organization of Petroleum exporting Countries is an intergovernmental fundamental law dedicated to the stability and prosperity of the petroleum market. OPEC membership is open to any country that is a substantial exporter of oil and that shares the ideals of the organization. OPEC has 11 member countries. make quotas placed by OPEC can send huge shocks throughout the energy markets. Below is a chart of the worlds top exporters of petroleum. OPEC members are denoted by *. Indonesia and Qatar are also members, but they dont make the top twelve. Top World Oil Net Exporters, 2006 Country 1) Saudi Arabia* 2) Russia Net Exports (million barrels per day) 8. 6 5 6. 57 This tutorial can be found at http//www. investopedia. om/features/industryhandbook/ (Page 10 of 65) Copyright 2010, Investopedia. com All rights reserved. Investopedia. com the resource for investing and personal finance education. 3) Norway 4) Iran* 5) United Arab Emirates* 2. 54 2. 52 2. 52 2. 20 2. 15 2. 15 1. 85 1. 68 1. 52 6) Venezuela* 7) Kuwait* 8) Nigeria* 9) Algeria* 10) Mexico 11) Libya* 12) Iraq* 1. 43 Source Energy Information Administration Analyst Insight Analysts and investors often differ on specific investment decisions, but one thing that they do agree on is their approach to analyzing energy companies. A top down investment approach is almost always the best strategy. We will go through the top down steps below. For more insight, read A Top-Down speak to To Investing. ) Economics/Politics The oil industry is easily influenced by economic and political conditions. If a country is in a recession, fewer products are be manufactured, not as many people d rive to work, take vacations, etc. All of these variables factor into less energy use. The best time to invest in an oil company is when the economy is firing on all cylinders and oil companies are making so much money that using excessive amounts of energy themselves has little effect on their bottom line. Some analysts believe that rather than analyzing energy companies, you should just predict the trend in energy prices. mend more analysis is require for a prudent investment than simply looking at price trends in oil, its true that there is a strong correlation between the performance of energy companies and the commodity price for energy. Supply and Demand Oil and gas prices fluctuate on a minute by minute basis, victorious a look at the historical price range is the first place you should look. Many factors determine the price of oil, but it really all comes down to supply and demand. Demand typically does not fluctuate too much (except in the case of recession), but supply s hocks can occur for a number of reasons. When OPEC meets to determine oil supply for the coming months, the price of oil can fluctuate wildly.Day-to-day This tutorial can be found at http//www. investopedia. com/features/industryhandbook/ (Page 11 of 65) Copyright 2010, Investopedia. com All rights reserved. Investopedia. com the resource for investing and personal finance education. fluctuations should not influence your investment decision in a particular energy company, but long trends should be followed more closely. You can find the latest energy supply/demand statistics at the Energy Information Administration. Rig Utilization Rates Another factor that determines supply is the rig utilization rates its close relationship to oil prices is not a coincidence. Higher utilization rates mean more revenue and profits.For drilling companies, it is important to take a close look at the companys rig fleet, because older rigs lack the ability to drill in remote locations or to bore d eep holes. Some other factors to consider are the depth of water that the offshore rigs can drill in, hole depth and horsepower. Higher quality rigs will have higher utilization rates, especially during weak periods. This will lead to higher revenue growth. Sometimes this is a double-edged brand name while higher utilization is better, a company that is at its capacity will have difficulty increasing revenues further. Contracts The contracts through which an oil services company is paid also play a large role in supply. Pay close attention to the dayrates, as falling dayrates can dramatically decrease revenues.The opposite is true should dayrates rise. This is because many of the drillers costs are fixed. Financial Statements After these wide scale factors have been considered, its time to get down to the nitty gritty the fiscals. And when it comes to the financials, the same old rules apply to oil services companies. Ideally, revenues and profits will be growing consistently, jus t as they do in any quality company. Its expenditure digging deeper to see if there are any one-time events that have dramatically increased revenues. Also, the P/E ratio and PEG ratios should be comparable to others within the industry. On the balance sheet, investors should keep an eye on debt levels.High debt puts a strain on credit ratings, weakening their ability to purchase new equipment or finance other capital expenditures. Poor credit ratings also make it difficult to acquire new business. If customers have the choice of going with a company that is strong versus one that is having debt problems, which do you think they will choose? To do a test for financial leverage, take a look at the debt/equity ratio. The working capital also tells us whether the company has enough liquid assets to cover short term liabilities. Rating agencies like Moodys and S&P say 50% is a prudent debt/equity ratio. Companies in more stable markets can afford slightly higher debt/equity ratios.If profits are of the utmost importance, then the statement of cash flow is a close second. Oil companies are notorious for reporting non cash line items in the This tutorial can be found at http//www. investopedia. com/features/industryhandbook/ (Page 12 of 65) Copyright 2010, Investopedia. com All rights reserved. Investopedia. com the resource for investing and personal finance education. income statement. For this reason, you should try to decipher the cash EPS. By stripping away all the non-cash entities you will get a truer number because cash flow cannot be manipulated as easily as net income can. (For further reading, see in advance(p) Financial Statement Analysis. ) Porters 5 Forces Analysis 1. Threat of New Entrants.There are thousands of oil and oil services companies throughout the world, but the barriers to enter this industry are enough to scare away all but the serious companies. Barriers can vary depending on the area of the market in which the company is situated. For example, some types of pumping trucks needed at well sites cost more than $1 million each. Other areas of the oil business require highly specialized workers to operate the equipment and to make key drilling decisions. Companies in industries such as these have higher barriers to entry than ones that are simply offering drilling services or support services. Having ample cash is another barrier a company had better have deep pockets to take on the existing oil companies. 2. Power of Suppliers.While there are plenty of oil companies in the world, much of the oil and gas business is dominated by a small handful of powerful companies. The large amounts of capital investment tend to weed out a lot of the suppliers of rigs, pipeline, refining, etc. There isnt a lot of cut-throat competition between them, but they do have significant power over smaller drilling and support companies. 3. Power of Buyers. The balance of power is shifting toward buyers. Oil is a commodity and one compa nys oil or oil drilling services are not that much different from anothers. This leads buyers to seek lower prices and better contract terms. 4. Availability of Substitutes.Substitutes for the oil industry in general include alternative fuels such as coal, gas, solar power, wind power, hydroelectricity and even nuclear energy. Remember, oil is used for more than just rivulet our vehicles, it is also used in plastics and other materials. When analyzing an energy company it is extremely important to take a close look at the specific area in which the company is operating. Also, companies offering more obscure or specialized services such as seismic drilling or directional drilling tools are much more likely to withstand the threat of substitutes. (For more on oil substitutes, see The Biofuels Debate Heats Up. ) 5. Competitive Rivalry. Slow industry growth rates and high exit barriers are a particularly troublesome situation facing some firms.Until quite recently, oil refineries were a particularly good example. For a period of almost 20 years, no new refineries were built in the U. S. Refinery capacity exceeded the product demands as a result of conservation efforts by-line the oil shocks of the 1970s. At the same time, exit barriers in the This tutorial can be found at http//www. investopedia. com/features/industryhandbook/ (Page 13 of 65) Copyright 2010, Investopedia. com All rights reserved. Investopedia. com the resource for investing and personal finance education. refinery business are quite high. Besides the scrap nurture of the equipment, a refinery that does not operate has no value-adding capability.Almost every refinery can do one thing produce the refined products they have been designed for. Key Links ? ? ? Department of Energy Get the latest regulation news and statistics. You name it, this site has it. ODS-Petrodata Both free and fee-based data on rig counts and other key figures in the oil services industry. Rigzone. com News and statis tics on the oil and gas industry. Precious Metals The treasured metals industry is very capital intensive. Constructing mines and building production facilities requires huge sums of capital. Long-term survival requires heavy expenditures to finance production and exploration. Technology has play a big role in the computer and internet industry, but t has also greatly changed the mining industry. capital is the most popular precious metal for investors. As you may know, gold is a commodity, and, as such, the price for gold fluctuates on a daily basis in the commodity markets. While there is a lot of overlap between the basics of mining gold and silver, the primary focus of here is on the gold market. Silver is less valuable than gold, and, as such, it is usually discovered either by accident or as a byproduct of gold/lead/copper mining. Gold prices are influenced by numerous variables that include fabricator demand, expected inflation, return on assets and central bank demand. Gol d is strongly pegged to supply-and-demand patterns.In general, low prices result in low production, and high prices result in high production. market place forces determine price. A companys attempt to control costs is critical to maintaining financial health and production levels in the face of declining gold prices. (For related reading, see Does It Still Pay To Invest In Gold? ) The metals industry is not vertically integrated like other industries such as oil and energy. In the metals industry, the companies that mine the gold typically do This tutorial can be found at http//www. investopedia. com/features/industryhandbook/ (Page 14 of 65) Copyright 2010, Investopedia. com All rights reserved. Investopedia. com the resource for investing and personal finance education. ot refine it, and refiners rarely sell it directly to the public. The industry encompasses three types of firms 1. Exploration. These companies have very little in the way of assets. They explore and prove tha t gold exists in a particular area. The only major assets owned by exploration firms are the rights to drill and a small amount of capital, which is needed to conduct drilling and trenching operations. 2. Development. Once a gold deposit is discovered by exploration companies, they either try to become development firms, or they sell their gold find to development firms. Development firms are those operating on explored areas that have prove to be mines.The only real difference between development and exploration is that, for development firms, their area has proved to be a gold deposit. 3. Production. Producer firms are full-fledged mining companies that extract and produce gold from existing mines this production can range from a hundred thousand ounces to several million ounces of gold production per year. separately operator in the supply chain has its own strengths and weaknesses. Some companies do well at extracting the metal from the earth, some refine, while others smelt an d transform the commodity into a finished product. Most gold that is mined today is used for jewelry, perhaps because of its beauty, or perhaps because it doesnt rust or corrode.Other uses for gold include tooth filings, electronics manufacturing and collectibles, but these make up a very small portion of overall demand. conflicting other industries, companies in the mining industry come in all shapes and sizes. Much of the production is done by large blue chip companies, but the exploration side of the industry is full of junior companies looking to clear a home run with a large gold find. The mining industry has plenty of opportunities for speculators and others for income investors. (To learn more, read Getting Into The Gold Market. ) Key Ratios/Terms Mine Production Rates Serious gold investors follow the Gold Survey very closely, published by Gold Fields Mineral Services. Each year, it lists the worldwide mine production statistics.Increasing production rates means more suppl y, which ultimately means a lower price for gold if demand mud stable. Scrap Recovery Another statistic published in the Gold Survey, scrap This tutorial can be found at http//www. investopedia. com/features/industryhandbook/ (Page 15 of 65) Copyright 2010, Investopedia. com All rights reserved. Investopedia. com the resource for investing and personal finance education. recovery refers to the worldwide supply of gold from sources other than mine production. This includes recovered old jewelry, industrial byproducts, etc. end-to-end the 1990s, more than 15% of the worlds gold supply came from scrap recovery. Futures Sales by Producers As you probably know, gold trades in the futures markets.Gold producers are constantly monitoring the prices in the futures markets because it determines the price at which they can sell their gold. The Gold Survey lists statistics on producer sales. If producers are selling an increasing amount in the futures market, it could mean that prices wi ll fall very soon. By purchasing futures contracts the producer locks-in a price. Therefore, if the price of gold falls in future months, it wont affect the producers bottom line. Conversely, if prices continue to rise after the producer locks in, they wont be able to capitalize on the higher prices. Bullion This denotes gold and silver that is refined and officially recognized as high quality (at least 99. 5% pure). It is usually in the form of bars rather than coins.When you hear of investors or central banks holding gold reserves, it is usually in the form of bullion. Ore This refers to mineralized rock that contains metal. Gold producers mine gold ore and then extract the gold from it using either chemicals, extreme heat, or some other method. There are different types of ores, of which the most common are oxide ores and sulphide ores. Analyst Insight The price of gold fluctuates on a minute-by-minute basis, so pickings a look at the historical price range is the first place you should look. Many factors determine the price of gold, but it really all comes down to supply and demand. Demand typically does not fluctuate too much, but supply shocks can send prices either soaring or into the doldrums.The difference between production costs and the futures price for gold equals the gross profit margins for mining companies. Therefore, the second place you want to look is the cost of production. The main factors to look at are the following ? ? Location Where is the gold being mined? Political unrest in developing nations has ruined more than one mining company. Developing nations might have cheaper labor and mining costs, but the political risks are huge. If you are risk averse, then look for companies with mines in relatively stable areas of the world. The costs might be higher, but at least the company knows what its getting into. Ore Quality Ore is mineralized rock that contains metal.Higher quality ore will contain more gold, which is usually reported as ounces This tutorial can be found at http//www. investopedia. com/features/industryhandbook/ (Page 16 of 65) Copyright 2010, Investopedia. com All rights reserved. Investopedia. com the resource for investing and personal finance education. ? of gold per ton of ore. principally speaking, oxide ores are better because the rock is more porous, making it easier to remove the gold. Mine Type The type of mine a company uses is a big factor in production costs. Most underground mines are more expensive than open pit mines. Cost of Production The cost of production is probably the most widely followed measure for analyzing a gold producer.The lower the costs, the greater the operating leverage, which means that earnings are more stable and less volatile to changes in the price of gold. For example, a company that has a cash cost around $175/ounce is, for obvious reasons, in a much better line than one whose cost is $275/ounce. The low-cost producer has much more staying power than th e marginal producer. In fact, if the price of gold declines below $275/ounce, the higher-cost producer would have to stop producing until the price goes back up. Producers usually publish their cost of production in their annual report this cost includes everything from site preparation to milling and refining.It doesnt include exploration costs, financing, or any other administrative expenses the company might incur. Aside from looking at costs, investors should carefully look over revenue growth. Revenue is widening times the selling price for gold, so it may fluctuate from year to year. Well-run companies will attempt to hedge against fluctuating gold prices through the futures markets. target a look at the revenue fluctuations over the past several years. Ideally, the revenue growth should be smooth. Companies with revenues that fluctuate widely from year to year are very hard to analyze and arent where the smart money goes. Debt Levels Investors should keep an eye on debt lev els, which are on the balance sheet.High debt puts a strain on credit ratings, weakening the companys ability to purchase new equipment or finance other capital expenditures. Poor credit ratings also make it difficult to acquire new businesses. (For related reading, see Debt Reckoning. ) P/E As a final caveat (beware), never analyze a precious-metals company based on the price-to-earnings ratio. In general, a high P/E means high projected earnings in the future, but all gold stocks have high P/E ratios. The P/E ratio for a gold stock doesnt really tell us anything because precious metals companies need to be compared by assets, not earnings. Unlike buildings and machinery, gold companies have large amounts of gold in their vaults and in mines throughout the world.Gold on the balance sheet is unlike other capital assets gold is seen This tutorial can be found at http//www. investopedia. com/features/industryhandbook/ (Page 17 of 65) Copyright 2010, Investopedia. com All rights rese rved. Investopedia. com the resource for investing and personal finance education. as currency of last resort. Investors are therefore willing to pay more for a gold company because it is the next best thing to physically holding the gold themselves. There are a few valuation techniques that analysts use when comparing various precious metal companies. The most popular and widely used ratio is market capitalization per ounce of reserves (market cap split by reserves).This indicates to investors what they are paying for each ounce of reserves. Obviously, a lower price is better. Porters 5 Forces Analysis 1. Threat of New Entrants. Financing is a principal barrier to entry in the precious-metals industry, which is heavily capital intensive. Constructing mines, production facilities, exploration and development and mining equipment all require large sums of capital. This capital is required before the mine is in production. Therefore, favorable financing terms are extremely importan t. In short, long-term survival in the precious-metal market requires significant capital. 2. Power of Suppliers. The only supply-side issues that miners face deal with government regulations and rules.The supply of land is plentiful, but gaining approval and permits to mine the land can be difficult, especially if environmental risks are high. 3. Power of Buyers. Gold is a commodity-based business, so the gold from one company is not that much different from anothers. This translates into buyers seeking lower prices and better contract terms. 4. Availability of Substitutes. Substitutes for the precious metals industry include other precious metals such as diamonds, silver, platinum, etc. These are worthy substitutes for gold, but they are not as widely accepted as gold. Gold has the advantage of being standard for a world currency, so a gold bar in the U. S. s worth the same as it is in Ecuador. As other forms of precious metals such as diamonds gain popularity, they may also becom e more threatening as substitutes. 5. Competitive Rivalry. Gold companies dont compete on price, mainly because the prices are determined by market forces. But gold companies do compete for land. The backbone of a precious metals company is its reserves, and the only way to beef up reserves is to explore for good mining areas. Companies go to great lengths to discover gold deposits, and the discovery is on a first-come-first-serve basis. Key Links ? InfoMine. com Get the latest news and statistics on mining companies. Mining regular army Here is more data and information on mining. This tutorial can be found at http//www. investopedia. com/features/industryhandbook/ (Page 18 of 65) Copyright 2010, Investopedia. com All rights reserved. Investopedia. com the resource for investing and personal finance education. ? Mining Glossary When you are analyzing a mining company you are bound to come across industry-specific terms you dont understand Automobiles akin to the invention o f the airplane, the emergence of machinemobiles has had a profound effect on our everyday lives. The auto manufacturing industry is considered to be highly capital and labor intensive.The major osts for producing and selling automobiles include ? ? ? Labor While machines and robots are playing a greater role in manufacturing vehicles, there are still substantial labor costs in designing and engineering automobiles. Materials Everything from steel, aluminum, dashboards, seats, tires, etc. are purchased from suppliers. Advertising Each year automakers spend billions on print and broadcast advertising furthermore, they spent large amounts of money on market research to anticipate consumer trends and preferences. The auto market is thought to be made primarily of automakers, but auto parts makes up another lucrative sector of the market.The major areas of auto parts manufacturing are ? ? ? Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) The big auto manufacturers do produce some of their own parts, but they cant produce every part and component that goes into a new vehicle. Companies in this industry manufacture everything from door handles to seats. Replacement Parts Production and Distribution These are the parts that are replaced after the purchase of a vehicle. Air filters, oil filers and replacement lights are examples of products from this area of the sector. Rubber Fabrication This includes everything from tires, hoses, belts, etc. In the auto industry, a large proportion of revenue comes from selling automobiles.The parts market, however, is even more lucrative. For example, a new car might cost $18,000 to buy, but if you bought, from the automaker, all the parts needed to construct that car, it would cost 300-400% more. Over and above the labor and material costs we mentioned above, there are other developments in the automobile industry that you must consider when analyzing an automobile company. Globalization, the tendency of world investment and busin esses to move from national and domestic markets to a This tutorial can be found at http//www. investopedia. com/features/industryhandbook/ (Page 19 of 65) Copyright 2010, Investopedia. com All rights reserved.Investopedia. com the resource for investing and personal finance education. worldwide environment, is a huge factor affecting the auto market. More than ever, it is meet easier for inappropriate automakers to enter the North American market. (To read more about this issue, see The Globalization Debate. ) Competition is the other factor that takes its toll on the auto industry we will discuss this in more detail below under the Porters 5 forces analysis Key Players In North America, the automobile production market is dominated by whats known as the Big Three ? ? ? General Motors Produces Chevrolet, Pontiac, Buick and Cadillac, among others.Chrysler Chrysler, Jeep and Dodge. Ford Motor Co Ford, Lincoln and Volvo. Two of the largest foreign car manufacturers are ? ? Toy ota Motor Co Honda Motor Co Key Ratios/Terms Fleet Sales Traditionally, these are high-volume sales designated to come from large companies and government agencies. These sales are almost always at discount prices. In the past several years, auto makers have been extending fleet sales to small businesses and other associations. Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate of Sales (SAAR) Most auto makers experience increased sales during the second quarter (April to June), and sales tend to be sluggish between November and January.For this reason, it is important to compare sales figures to the same period of the previous year. The adjustment factors are released each year by the U. S. bureau of Economic Analysis. Sales Reports Many of the large auto makers release their preliminary sales figures from the previous month on a monthly basis. This can give you an mark of the current trends in the industry. Day Sales Inventory = Average Inventory Average Daily Sales The sales reports (discussed ab ove) are released monthly. Most automakers try to make dealerships hold 60 days worth of inventory on their lots. Watch out This tutorial can be found at http//www. investopedia. com/features/industryhandbook/ (Page 20 of 65) Copyright 2010, Investopedia. om All rights reserved. Investopedia. com the resource for investing and personal finance education. if sales inventory climbs significantly above 60 days worth. Sales fluctuate month-to-month, but you shouldnt see sustained periods of high inventory. Analyst Insight Automobiles depend heavily on consumer trends and tastes. While car companies do sell a large proportion of vehicles to businesses and car rental companies (fleet sales), consumer sales is the largest source of revenue. For this reason, taking consumer and business confidence into account should be a higher priority than considering the regular factors like earnings growth and debt load. For more about the Consumer Confidence Survey, see Economic Indicators Consumer Confidence Index. ) Another caveat of analyzing an automaker is taking a look at whether a company is planning makeovers or complete redesigns. Every year, car companies update their cars. This is a part of normal operations, but there can be a problem when a company decides to significantly change the design of a car. These changes can cause massive delays and glitches, which result in increased costs and slower revenue growth. While a new design may pay off significantly in the long run, its always a risky proposition. For parts suppliers, the life span of an automobile is very important.The longer a car stays operational, the greater the need for replacement parts. On the other hand, new parts are lasting longer, which is great for consumers, but is not such good news for parts makers. When, for example, most car makers moved from using rolled steel to unsoiled steel, the change extended the life of parts by several years. A significant portion of an automakers revenue comes fr om the services it offers with the new vehicle. Offering lower financial rates than financial institutions, the car company makes a profit on financing. Extended warranties also factor into the bottom line. (To read more about this, see Extended Warranties Should You Take The Bait? Greater emphasis on leasing has also helped increase revenues. The advantage of leasing is that it eases consumer fears about resale value, and it makes the car sound more affordable. From a makers perspective, leasing is a great way to hide the true price of the vehicle through financing costs. Car companies, then, are able to push more cars through. Unfortunately, profiting on leasing is not as easy as it sounds. Leasing requires the automakers to accurately judge the value of their vehicles at the end of the lease, otherwise they may actually lose money. If you think about it, the automaker will lose money on the lease if they give the car a high salvage value.A car with a low salvage value at the end of the lease will simply be bought by the consumer and flipped for a profit. This tutorial can be found at http//www. investopedia. com/features/industryhandbook/ (Page 21 of 65) Copyright 2010, Investopedia. com All rights reserved. Investopedia. com the resource for investing and personal finance education. Porters 5 Forces Analysis 1. Threat of New Entrants. Its true that the modal(a) person cant come along and start manufacturing automobiles. Historically, it was thought that the American automobile industry and the Big Three were safe. But this did not hold true when Honda Motor Co. opened its first plant in Ohio.The emergence of foreign competitors with the capital, required technologies and management skills began to undermine the market share of North American companies. 2. Power of Suppliers. The automobile supply business is quite fragmented (there are many firms). Many suppliers rely on one or two automakers to buy a majority of their products. If an automaker decided to switch suppliers, it could be devastating to the previous suppliers business. As a result, suppliers are extremely susceptible to the demands and requirements of the automobile manufacturer and hold very little power. 3. Power of Buyers. Historically, the bargaining power of automakers went unchallenged.The American consumer, however, became disenchanted with many of the products being offered by certain automakers and began looking for alternatives, namely foreign cars. On the other hand, while consumers are very price sensitive, they dont have much buying power as they never purchase huge volumes of cars. 4. Availability of Substitutes. Be careful and thorough when analyzing this factor we are not just talking about the threat of someone buying a different car. You need to also look at the likelihood of people taking the bus, train or airplane to their destination. The higher the cost of operating a vehicle, the more likely people will seek alternative transportation options.T he price of gasoline has a large effect on consumers decisions to buy vehicles. Trucks and sport utility vehicles have higher profit margins, but they also guzzle gas compared to smaller sedans and light trucks. When determining the availability of substitutes you should also consider time, money, personal preference and convenience in the auto travel industry. Then decide if one car maker poses a big threat as a substitute. 5. Competitive Rivalry. Highly competitive industries generally earn low returns because the cost of competition is high. The auto industry is considered to be an oligopoly, which helps to minimize the effects of pricebased competition.The automakers understand that price-based competition does not necessarily lead to increases in the size of the marketplace historically they have tried to avoid price-based competition, but more recently the competition has intensified rebates, preferred financing and long-term warranties have helped to lure in customers, but t hey also put pressure on the profit margins for vehicle sales. This tutorial can be found at http//www. investopedia. com/features/industryhandbook/ (Page 22 of 65) Copyright 2010, Investopedia. com All rights reserved. Investopedia. com the resource for investing and personal finance education. (For further reading, check out Analyzing Auto Stocks. ) Key Links ? ? ? ? Wards Automotive Reports A popular publisher of automotive data.The Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers Get the latest industry facts, developments, and technological innovations. Automotive Industries A magazine covering several areas of the auto industry. US Council for Automobile Research The comprehensive organization of Daimler Chrysler, Ford and General Motors created to strengthen the technology base of the domestic auto industry. The Retailing Industry All businesses that sell goods and services to consumers fall under the umbrella of retailing, but there are several directions we can take from here. For starters, there are department stores, discount stores, specialty stores and even seasonal retailers.Each of these might have their own little quirks however, for the most part the analysis overlaps to all areas of retailing. This section of the industry handbook will try to focus more on general retailers and department stores. (For background reading, see Analyzing Retail Stocks. ) Over the past couple decades, there have been sweeping changes in the general retailing business. What was once stringently a made-to-order market for clothing has changed to a ready-to-wear market. Flipping through a catalog, picking the color, size and type of clothing a person cherished to purchase and then waiting to have it sewn and shipped was standard practice. At the turn of the century some retailers would have a storefront where people could browse.Meanwhile, new pieces were being sewn or customized in the back rooms. In some parts of the world, the retail business is dominated by smalle r family-run or regionally-targeted stores, but this market is increasingly being taken over by billion-dollar multinational conglomerates like Wal-Mart and Sears. The larger retailers have managed to set up huge supply/ dispersal chains, inventory management systems, financing pacts and wide scale marketing plans. Without getting into specific product categories within the retailing industry, the overall segments can be divided into two categories ? Hard These types of goods include appliances, electronics, furniture, sporting goods, etc.Sometimes referred to as hardline retailers. This tutorial can be found at http//www. investopedia. com/features/industryhandbook/ (Page 23 of 65) Copyright 2010, Investopedia. com All rights reserved. Investopedia. com the resource for investing and personal finance education. ? Soft This category includes clothing, apparel, and other fabrics. Each retailer tries to differentiate itself from the competition, but the strategy that the company uses to sell its products is the most important factor. Here are some different types of retailers ? ? ? Department Stores Very large stores offering a huge assortment of goods and services.Discounters These also tend to offer a wide array of products and services, but they compete mainly on price. Demographic These are retailers that aim at one particular segment. High-end retailers focusing on pissed individuals would be a good example. Each of these has its own distinct advantages, but its important to know how these advantages play out. For example, during tough economic times, the discount retailers tend to travel by the others. The opposite is true when the economy is thriving. The more successful retailers attempt to combine the characteristics of more than one type of retailer to differentiate themselves from the competition. Key Ratios/Terms same(p) Store Sales Used when analyzing individual retailers.It compares sales in stores that have been open for a year or more. This allows investors to compare what proportion of new sales have come from sales growth compared to the opening of new stores. This is important because although new stores are good, there eventually comes a saturation point at which future sales growth comes at the expense of losses at other locations. Same store sales are also commonly referred to as comps. Sales per Square Foot Sales Square Footage Store space is considered to be a productive asset and the key to profitability. Successful companies generate as much sales volume as possible out of each square foot of store space.More recently, analysts have created modifications of this concept by looking at a retailers gross margin per square foot. Inventory Turnover This ratio shows how many times the inventory of a firm is This tutorial can be found at http//www. investopedia. com/features/industryhandbook/ (Page 24 of 65) Copyright 2010, Investopedia. com All rights reserved. Investopedia. com the resource for investing and personal finance education. sold and replaced over a specific period. Generally mensurable as Sales Inventory Cost of Goods Sold Average Inventory But, may also be calculated as Although the first calculation is more frequently used, COGS may be substituted because sales are recorded at market value while inventories are usually recorded at cost.Also, average inventory may be used instead of the ending inventory to help minimize seasonal factors. This ratio should be compared against similar retail companies or the industry average. A low turnover might imply poor sales and, therefore, excess inventory. A high ratio implies either strong sales or ineffective buying from suppliers. (For related reading, see Consumer Confidence The Consumer Confidence Index (CCI) is put out by the Consumer Confidence Board around the midriff of each month. The Consumer Confidence Survey is based on a sample of 5,000 U. S. households and is considered to be one of the most accurate indicators of confidence. Increasing confidence means more spending and borrowing for consumers a positive for retailers. To learn more about this measure, see Economic Indicators To Know Consumer Confidence Index. ) Personal Income & Disposable Income Every quarter, the Bureau of Economic Analysis releases the latest income data for U. S. citizens. There is a high correlation between retail sales data and the changes in personal income. (For more insight, see Economic Indicators Personal Income and Outlays. ) Analyst Insight As we mentioned earlier, the store type and the strategy that retailers use plays a big role in how well the company performs. The first thing to take a look at is what segment of the retail industry the company is situated in. Is the company a discount house? Department store? Specialty retailer?The retail category to which the company belongs also helps determine the following details about the company ? Competitors The number and size of direct competitors is important . Ideally, you want the company to have as little competition as possible, but this rarely happens. Determine who the direct competitors are and how they are all positioned in the market. A smaller regional discount store might find it tough to compete with new Wal-mart stores opening up every month. Take a look at the big picture, find out what differentiates the company from its competitors. Do they have better prices, service, or offer This tutorial can be found at http//www. investopedia. om/features/industryhandbook/ (Page 25 of 65) Copyright 2010, Investopedia. com All rights reserved. Investopedia. com the resource for investing and personal finance education. ? ? higher quality goods than their competition? Grocery stores might find it hard to differentiate themselves from competitors after all, an apple is an apple. Higher-end retailers, however, may have an easier time as they try to compete on service or quality. Size of the Market Determining the overall size of the market gives us an indication of the potential for the market. If you had the choice between a company with a 25% share of a $10 million market or a 25% share of a $1 billion market, which one would you chose?Other Factors Some analysts even go as far as evaluating the retail strategy that the companies use. For example, does the company have a fresh look? Are their stores clean, bright and fun to shop in? Swedish retailer Ikea has done an excellent job of designing their stores for visual bring up, and quite possibly it has equated to very strong sales. Also, what are the store demographics? Does the retailer appeal more to younger people (who dont have the money), or does it appeal to the parents (who do have the money). The performance of the economy as a whole obviously has a great impact on the retailing industry. Retailer profits have a close correlation with the overall performance of the economy.Looking at the trends for growth in gross domestic product (GDP), inflation, c onsumer confidence, personal income and interest rates are extremely important when thinking about investing in the retail industry. You might not think that your shopping habits are sensitive to interest rate fluctuations, but they are. While a 50-basis-point drop in interest rates might not give you the sudden inkling to go drop $1,000 at Macys, for the economy as a whole, it has a big effect on spending patterns. (For more insight on this effect, see How Interest Rates Affe

Official Crime Statistics Essay

What atomic number 18 the main strengths and weaknesses of official abuse statistics and development lots? In this essay I testament be discussing the main strengths and weaknesses of official offensive statistics and dupeization surveys. I baffle done tremendous research to back up my work, I have similarly used famous criminologists and different(a) bodies who understand criminalization to help re-enforce my points. Most experts and successful authors, such as Tim Newburn, Brent E. Turvey and Clive Coleman have attempted, through and through their literature to show how horror has evolved and how surveys have influenced the publics views almost it. The first of all time national curse statistics were published in France, 1827. Adolphe Quetelet, a scholar and previous uranologist was the first exclusive to take a serious approach and interest in criminal statistics. He then went on to become a leading body in criminology and social sciences for his work. Official discourtesy statistics are placed under the ideology of umbrage rates in the UK and Wales. Numbers that the BCS, police and different law aboding bodies can gather together from the public, their research and other sources to help give the most faithful rate of crime they can.Victimisation surveys are generally random samples of the population asked whether they have been a victim to crime within a specific period of time. The reasons why these two different types of surveys must be taken are so that crime statistics can attempt to be more solid, although the argument is eternally made that there will never be an accurate percentage of crime and I will likewise be touching on why this statement has and unendingly will be made. abhorrence statistics and Victimisation surveys are polls taken and received by victims of crime or the criminals and individuals who commit them. in that respect has been much controversy amongst crime statistics of how accurate and precise they rea lly are. I will be discussing these issues, barely overall focusing my main points onto the strengths and weaknesses of official crimes statistics and victimisation surveys. Without crime statistics there would be no rump grounds on the numbers of crimes averagely committed, by what sex and by what age group. However, without victimization surveys crimes may stop hidden crimes such as domestic violence, burglary and intimidation.Why I mention these three in picky are because statistics show that most common repeat victims of crime are within these types of offences. Other offences also include other household theft and vandalism. One character of a top victimization survey is the British Crime Survey. The British Crime Survey or BCS for short is a nationally stand for survey with a successful sample of approximately 47,000 adults living in private households in England and wales all(prenominal) year. The BCS started its surveys in 1981 and it became a fluent survey selective informationbase until 2001/2002. This survey is a show to face interview where the respondents or victims are asked about their experiences and feelings of crime that may have happened to them or population they cheat in the last 12 months, the BCS also ask them about their opinions of crime and crime related topics such as anti-social behaviour. These types of people would also be asked about the effectiveness of the police and how they deal with these issues of crime.The British crime survey is a very important key piece of information and source of data on the background of respondents and the overall circumstances of victimization. A public, accurate crime statistic is most commonly the police, a more companionship based, less national and less accurate version as its range of stage setting does non cover the nation however both sources limit themselves to a set of offences. Making it easier to see a more accurate percentage. One main unlikeness between the BCS and the p olice is that the BCS excludes victimless crimes, drug dealing and murder. The reason for this is the victims are no longer available to discuss the events that happened. Other crimes they exclude are cozy offences this is generally due to the small number reported and the unwillingness of respondents to come forward.Another main difference between the two is that BCS thefts including personal fitty and other household items, because with the police they would involve everything included in the theft, jewellery, personal belongings, with the BCS it would all fall into a similar category make it a difficult delegate to achieve. A weakness of official crime statistics and victimisation surveys is that an argument could be bought up are they truly official? Just because theyre published doesnt make them correct. What about the crimes that arent reported, Because of victims being afraid, intimidate or not having trust in the police. These events being called private Crimes or as they are lots referred to Dark Figures. In addition to this, modern day statistics are now more enclosed, for example in Tim Newburns Criminology he discusses how crimes such as violence against the person accounts to events such as murder, assault, however not reckless driving which could be considered to focus fully on physical damage.So as statistics are not as open to as many crimes as they wish, some will slip through and possibly go into a much minor category. Obviously a disadvantage being that individual may feel neglected and reluctant to detail the events. Due to the declining of main volume crimes in the new-made years, beliefs about crime are still quite graduate(prenominal). A third of the population from 2003 still believed that crime was a high rated problem. Advantages of Statistics such as these are that they tend to give the public a give notice understanding of what crime rates are at. This table shows beliefs about crime, public fear that possibly the tabloid s could have caused. This is discussed a weakness to crime statistics and the public, in a way the media are creating crimes, feeding on crime fear.As I mentioned earlier Crime statistics are never fully accurate and power is always an important factor when determining crime. Smaller crimes such as robbery are associated with the Underclass possibility by Charles Murray. These types of offences are more down to the individual rather than a group. Dr Ziggy MacDonald of the University of Leicester wrote a piece in the Economic Journal about Hidden Crimes, one of the things his research showed was that forecasts of crime trends fail to take proper account of what drives unreported crime. For example, someone who is currently unemployed is 7% less likely to report a burglary than someone who is currently in work, while someone on a relatively high income is 8% more likely to report a burglary than someone on less than average income He discussed how the descend in employment could even tually lead to the higher rate of theft from peoples properties, and resulting in victims not reporting it, maybe thinking it wont matter as their income isnt high enough to replace the item anyway. Even though the difference between low income individuals and high income individuals is 1% which from my research closely is around 16% burglaries every year as a crime rate, 1% of those victims with a low income are subjected towards not reporting theft of their possessions. Certain individuals economical status (as shown in from MacDonalds work) can become a huge factor when determining Hidden Crimes.People could feel helpless as income is low, or they may live in a disadvantaged area, with no way of being helped their behaviour could become broken referring to the broken glass surmisal a single building could have a shattered window for a period of time and the community around that area may feel unwanted, leaving a physical and emotional gap between this community and the open wo rld. Because of this, other buildings may become trashed and broken, people would begin to avoid the area it self, the thinking of fear within these Hidden Crimes. This adds to the statistics the BCS and the police may not know about, smaller areas may not be expect to have high rates of crime and therefore focus is taken by from them. Bigger areas such as Birmingham would be a prime target for crime, the assumption is made. Another theory could that there could possibly be Marxist Criminology, Crime due to class divisions within a conjunction or community, or perhaps crimes of the powerful, individuals or groups of people being treated differently in society, expelled from other physical and emotional contact, leaving them no choice but to turn to crime.Transference, to be precise. In August, 2011 the riots in the United Kingdom gave breach to a huge collaboration of crime sprees. Over 1000 people were arrested, yet possibly over 100,000 protested against this Marxist Criminolog y from politics, student fees and tax increases. Not every individual was caught, making statistics even scarcer. These significant changes within society set alight events that triggered this. This report of Neo Marxism relating to Dark Figures as not every individual in society has the same equal access as other fortunate people, be it financially, emotionally and they lash out because of it. Yet these crimes arent recorded, they go unnoticed and became a damaging part of a society. In relation to this is the Left Realism theory, a social antiauthoritarian approach to the analysis of crime and the development of effective policies of crime control. At the heart of all of this is a source of suffering for the poor and the vulnerable, this links from the ideology of smaller much petty crimes. Bullying for example which as many of 44% of suicides by children from the ages of 10-14 are potentially linked.Data sources of the years have developed and grown onto this topic from the 19 00s as society and trends begin to evolve. Children picked on because of their backgrounds or income, yet data sources still have a less accurate number to this topic than any other. Official crime statistics do not generally show crimes committed by corporations, if any results are shown, they arent ever big corporations. An example of corporations is Citibank, high profile data breaches, and even the business Sony. These White Collar Crimes are not easily detected, distinguishing them from victimization surveys. They could be breaches of health and safety laws, not identifiable to the easiest detail. Linking to this could be an idea of a corporations being known as Mavericks people who are the exceptions rather than the rules, so society and disposal bodies refuse to believe that they would commit corporate crimes, allowing them to get off easy. Or even reducing the expected costs.One of the biggest corporate crimes was an incident that occurred in 1984 Bhopal. Hundreds of people were killed in a chemical accident, by a club called Union Carbide. They owned a pesticide plant which was around 3 miles from Bhopal. The leading director of that company told the BBC that methyl isocyanate gas (MIC) had escaped when a valve in the plants underground storage cooler broke under pressure As laws are different from the USA and India, payments have still not been made to the families, who deserve compensation, an American firm that is above the law and have been forced into no juristic action whatsoever.Could this have future affects to India, How people live, fear foreign businesses, Should they have to live in fear. In conclusion to my research and the theories I have mentioned. I believe that crime statistics can define the crime rate in the UK every year, both types of surveys have their weaknesses and strengths, society as a whole helps honk the body of crime, they can also be the reliable source to provide it, and stop it. My results and research from many s ources have given an indication on the levels of crime in the UK.Bibliographyhttp//www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/hosb1011/ http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/627523/victim-survey http//www.statistics.gov.uk/hub/crime-justice/crime/victims-of-crime/index.html http//webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110218135832/http//rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/crimeew0809.html http//www.res.org.uk/society/mediabriefings/pdfs/2002/february/macdonald1.pdf http//news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/3/newsid_2698000/2698709.stm http//www.civitas.org.uk/crime/factsheet-YouthOffending.pdf